Grafting is a horticultural technique used to join two plants together so that they grow as one. This can be done for a variety of reasons, such as to improve the growth of one plant, to change the variety of fruit that a plant produces, or to repair damaged tissue. Grafting can be a challenging technique, but it is also very rewarding. With a little practice, you can learn how to graft a mango seedling and create a beautiful and productive tree.
There are two main types of grafts that can be used on mango seedlings: cleft grafting and side grafting. Cleft grafting is the most common type of graft, and it is relatively easy to do. Side grafting is a more advanced technique, but it can be used to graft seedlings that are too small for cleft grafting. In this article, we will discuss how to perform a cleft graft on a mango seedling.
Preparation of the Rootstock
The rootstock, also known as the base plant or砧木, provides the root system and lower stem for the grafted mango tree. Selecting a vigorous and compatible rootstock is crucial for the success of the graft. Here are the detailed steps involved in preparing the rootstock:
1. Seedling Selection
Choose healthy, vigorous mango seedlings with a strong root system. Ensure they are free from pests and diseases. The seedlings should be around 6-12 months old and have a stem diameter of approximately 0.5-1 cm. It is recommended to use seedlings from a reliable nursery or to grow your own from fresh mango seeds.
Seedling preparation involves several key considerations:
| Consideration | Details |
|---|---|
| Seedling age: | 6-12 months old |
| Stem diameter: | 0.5-1 cm |
| Health: | Vigorous, free from pests and diseases |
| Source: | Reliable nursery or home grown from fresh seeds |
By carefully selecting and preparing the rootstock, you lay the foundation for a successful mango grafting operation.
Selecting the Scion
The scion, or the top portion of the graft, plays a crucial role in the success of the grafting process. Here’s a detailed guide to selecting a suitable scion for mango grafting:
Age and Maturity
Choose scions from mature mango trees that are at least 2-3 years old. Young, immature scions are more prone to failure and may not form a strong union with the rootstock.
Health and Vigor
Select scions from healthy trees with vigorous growth. Avoid scions from diseased or pest-infested trees, as these may transmit pathogens to the rootstock. Look for scions with plump buds and well-developed internodes.
Variety
Consider the desired variety of mango when selecting the scion. The scion will determine the fruit characteristics of the grafted tree, including size, shape, flavor, and ripening time.
Compatibility
Ensure compatibility between the scion and rootstock varieties. Some mango varieties are incompatible and may not form a successful graft union. Consult with local experts or research the compatibility of specific varieties before proceeding with the graft.
| Characteristic | Recommendation |
|---|---|
| Age | 2-3 years or older |
| Health | From healthy, vigorous trees |
| Variety | Desired fruit characteristics |
| Compatibility | Consult with experts or research variety compatibility |
Grafting Techniques (a) Approach Grafting
Approach grafting is a secure and persistent technique where two plants are brought together to share their vascular systems. The scion, a small branch with desired characteristics, is grafted onto an established rootstock plant resulting in a sturdy and robust plant.
Materials Required
For both scion and rootstock:
- Sharp grafting knife
- Grafting tape or wax
- Prune shears
For rootstock only:
- Staking material (e.g., bamboo sticks, stakes)
- String or twine
For scion only:
- Small branch with desired characteristics
Step-by-Step Instructions
- Prepare the Scion: Remove any leaves or buds on the lower third of the scion.
- Prepare the Rootstock: Select a branch on the rootstock that is similar in diameter to the scion. Remove any leaves or buds along the area where you will make the graft.
- Make the Grafts: On both the scion and rootstock, make clean, angled cuts about 1-2 inches long. The cuts should be complementary to each other so that the cambium layers (the green growth layer under the bark) align.
- Join the Scion and Rootstock: Align the scion and rootstock cuts and gently push them together. Wrap the graft union tightly with grafting tape or wax to secure it.
- Support the Graft: Stake the scion and rootstock to provide support during the healing process. Tie the two stems together with string or twine to keep them in place.
(b) Tongue Grafting
Tongue grafting, also known as whip and tongue grafting, is another common technique used to graft mango seedlings. This method is considered to be more suitable for larger rootstocks and scions of similar diameters.
The steps involved in tongue grafting are as follows:
- Prepare the rootstock and scion by making a slanting cut on both sides, creating a tongue-shaped flap.
- Align the tongues of the rootstock and scion and insert them into each other.
- Wrap the graft union securely with grafting tape or a rubber band to hold it in place.
- Place the grafted plant in a warm, humid environment, such as a greenhouse or a covered container, to promote callus formation and healing.
In tongue grafting, it is important to ensure that the tongues are cut at the same angle and that they fit together snugly to create a strong union. The size of the tongue should be proportional to the diameter of the rootstock and scion, typically 1/3 to 1/2 of the diameter.
The following table summarizes the key differences between cleft grafting and tongue grafting:
| Grafting Method | Rootstock Preparation | Scion Preparation | Union |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cleft Grafting | V-shaped cleft | Wedge-shaped | Inserts into cleft |
| Tongue Grafting | Slanting cut, tongue-shaped flap | Slanting cut, tongue-shaped flap | Tongues interlock |
(c) Inlay Grafting
Inlay grafting involves creating a T-shaped cut on the rootstock and a matching flap on the scion. The scion flap is then inserted into the T-cut, ensuring that the cambium layers of both tissues are aligned. This method is particularly suitable for grafting onto rootstocks with a small diameter, such as seedlings or dwarfing rootstocks.
Materials Required:
| Item | Quantity |
|---|---|
| Sharp knife or scalpel | 1 |
| Grafting tape or wax | 1 roll |
| Scion wood | 1 piece |
Steps:
1.
Make a vertical cut on the rootstock stem, approximately 2-3 cm long. Create a horizontal cut perpendicular to the vertical cut, forming a T-shape.
2.
Prepare the scion by cutting a flap with a matching T-shape. Ensure the flap is slightly wider at the top to provide a secure fit.
3.
Gently lift the bark flaps on the rootstock and insert the scion flap into the T-cut.
4.
Align the cambium layers of the rootstock and scion and press down firmly to ensure good contact.
5.
Secure the graft using grafting tape or wax. Wrap the tape or apply the wax over the entire graft union, including the exposed edges of the rootstock bark. This will prevent moisture loss, promote healing, and protect the graft from pests and diseases.
Post-Grafting Care
After completing the grafting process, providing proper care is crucial for a successful graft union and healthy plant growth.
1. Protection from Elements:
Shield the grafted area from direct sunlight, rain, and excessive heat by covering it with a plastic bag or shade cloth. Ensure air circulation by poking holes in the covering.
2. Maintaining Moisture:
Keep the soil around the grafted seedling consistently moist but not waterlogged. Use a spray bottle to mist the grafted area and prevent dehydration.
3. Support for Grafted Area:
Provide support to the grafted area using a stake or tie. This prevents undue movement or breakage that could weaken the union.
4. Fertilization:
Start fertilizing the grafted seedling with a balanced fertilizer solution once it has established new growth. Avoid over-fertilizing, as this can burn the roots.
5. Pest and Disease Control:
Monitor the grafted seedling for signs of pests or diseases. Treat promptly to prevent infection or damage to the graft union.
6. Progressive Care:
As the grafted seedling grows, gradually remove the protective covering and provide more sunlight.
The following table summarizes the progressive care steps:
| Time Period | Care Instructions |
|---|---|
| 1-2 weeks | Keep graft union covered, maintain moisture, and provide support |
| 2-4 weeks | Start removing protective covering gradually |
| 4-6 weeks | Allow full sunlight exposure |
Moisture Management
After grafting, it is crucial to maintain proper moisture levels for successful establishment. Here are seven tips for moisture management:
1. Monitoring
Regularly check the moisture levels of the soil around the grafted seedling. The soil should be moist but not soggy.
2. Watering Frequency
The frequency of watering depends on factors such as soil type, climate, and the size of the plant. Generally, water the seedling when the top inch or two of soil feels dry to the touch.
3. Watering Depth
Water the seedling deeply to encourage root development and prevent waterlogging. Avoid shallow watering, which only moistens the surface of the soil.
4. Drainage
Good drainage is essential to prevent root rot. Ensure the soil has adequate drainage holes and is not prone to water accumulation.
5. Mulching
Mulch around the base of the seedling with organic matter, such as leaves, straw, or compost. Mulching conserves moisture, suppresses weeds, and regulates soil temperature.
6. Polyethylene Bag
If humidity is low or during hot, dry weather, consider placing a clear polyethylene bag over the grafted seedling to create a humid environment.
7. Staking
Provide support for the grafted seedling with a stake or other form of support. This prevents the plant from wobbling or breaking due to wind or moisture-laden conditions.
| Action | Benefits |
|---|---|
| Monitor moisture levels | Ensures optimal hydration |
| Water deeply | Promotes root development |
| Mulch around the plant | Conserves moisture, suppresses weeds |
| Create a humid environment | Reduces water loss |
| Provide support | Prevents breakage |
Temperature Control
Temperature control is crucial for successful mango grafting. The ideal temperature range for the grafting process is between 75-85°F (24-29°C). This temperature range promotes optimal callus formation and root development.
Preferred Time for Grafting
Grafting should be performed during the warm season, typically from spring to early summer. During this time, the temperature is usually within the ideal range, and the plant has vigorous growth.
Maintaining Temperature
Maintaining the optimal temperature range can be achieved through various methods:
Greenhouse or Indoor Grafting
Grafting can be performed in a heated greenhouse or an indoor environment with controlled temperature. This provides consistent temperatures within the ideal range.
Shade Protection
If outdoor grafting is necessary, provide shade to protect the graft union from direct sunlight and excessive heat.
Heating Cables
Heating cables can be used to warm the grafting area and maintain the optimal temperature range, especially in cooler climates.
Monitoring Temperature
Monitor the temperature regularly using a thermometer to ensure it stays within the ideal range. Adjust the temperature as needed through ventilation, shading, or heating.
Temperature and Graft Union Healing Time
The optimal temperature range influences the healing time of the graft union. Warmer temperatures (within the ideal range) generally promote faster healing and callus formation.
Recommended Day and Night Temperatures
| Day Temperature | Night Temperature |
|---|---|
| 75-85°F (24-29°C) | 65-75°F (18-24°C) |
Light Requirements
Mango seedlings require abundant sunlight for optimal growth and fruit production. Here’s a detailed guide to their light requirements:
Duration
Mango seedlings should receive at least 6 hours of direct sunlight per day, ideally during the morning and afternoon hours. They can tolerate some shade, but prolonged exposure to low-light conditions will stunt their growth.
Intensity
Mango seedlings thrive in bright light, with a light intensity of around 10,000 lux being ideal. Avoid placing them in areas with excessive shade or under direct sunlight during the hottest part of the day, as this can scorch their leaves.
Direction
Mango seedlings should be positioned to receive direct sunlight from the east or west. Avoid placing them facing north, as they will receive less sunlight in the cooler months. If possible, rotate the seedlings occasionally to ensure even light distribution.
Supplementary Lighting
During the winter months or in low-light conditions, supplementary lighting may be necessary to compensate for the lack of natural sunlight. Use grow lights that emit a spectrum of light similar to natural sunlight and position them about 12 inches above the seedlings.
Monitoring and Adjustment
Regularly monitor your mango seedlings to ensure they are receiving adequate light. Look for signs of etiolation (long, spindly growth) or yellowing leaves, which can indicate insufficient light. Adjust the light exposure or supplementary lighting accordingly.
| Light Duration | Light Intensity | Light Direction | Supplementary Lighting |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6 hours minimum | 10,000 lux | East or West | May be required during winter or low-light conditions |
Fertilization and Nutrition
Nutrient Requirements
Mango trees require a balanced supply of macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and micronutrients (iron, zinc, boron, etc.) for optimal growth and productivity.
Fertilization Schedule
Typically, mango trees are fertilized three to four times per year during their active growing season. The first application is made early in the spring, followed by additional applications during the summer and early fall.
Fertilizer Types
There are various types of fertilizers available for mango trees, including:
- Organic fertilizers: Composts, manure, and other organic materials
- Inorganic fertilizers: Chemical fertilizers containing essential nutrients
- Slow-release fertilizers: Fertilizers that gradually release nutrients over an extended period
Fertilizer Rates
The recommended fertilizer rates for mango trees vary depending on the soil type, tree age, and desired yield. It is crucial to consult with a local agricultural extension service or certified plant pathologist to determine the appropriate rates for your specific situation.
Additional Considerations
Nutrient Deficiencies
Nutrient deficiencies can occur if the tree does not receive adequate fertilization or if there are soil issues affecting nutrient availability. Symptoms of nutrient deficiencies can include stunted growth, yellowing leaves, and reduced fruit production.
Foliar Application
In addition to soil fertilization, foliar application can be used to supplement nutrient levels. Foliar sprays are applied directly to the leaves and can be effective for correcting specific nutrient deficiencies quickly.
Soil Analysis
Conducting a soil analysis is essential to determine the nutrient status of your soil and tailor fertilization practices accordingly. A soil analysis can provide insights into the pH, organic matter content, and nutrient availability.
How to Graft a Mango Seedling
Grafting allows you to combine two different types of mango trees onto a single rootstock. This technique can be used to improve the quality of fruit, increase yield, and speed up the production of fruit. Grafting can also be used to save a damaged or diseased tree by grafting a healthy scion onto the rootstock.
To graft a mango seedling, you will need the following tools and materials:
1. A sharp knife
2. Grafting tape
3. Rootstock: Select a healthy mango seedling that is at least 1/2 inch (1.3 cm) in diameter. The rootstock should be free of diseases and pests.
4. Scion: The scion is the part of the mango tree that you want to graft onto the rootstock. The scion should be taken from a healthy, mature mango tree.
5. Wax or grafting mastic: This will help to seal the graft and prevent it from drying out.
6. A grafting tool: This will help you to make a clean cut on both the rootstock and the scion.
7. A sharp knife: This will help you to make a clean cut on the rootstock and the scion.
8. Grafting tape: This will help to hold the graft in place while it heals.
Once you have gathered your tools and materials, you can follow these steps to graft a mango seedling:
1. Prepare the rootstock. Cut the rootstock off at a height of about 6 inches (15 cm) above the ground. Make a clean, sloping cut on the top of the rootstock.
2. Prepare the scion. Cut a scion from a healthy, mature mango tree. The scion should be about 6 inches (15 cm) long and should have at least two or three buds. Make a clean, sloping cut on the bottom of the scion.
3. Join the rootstock and the scion. Align the cut surfaces of the rootstock and the scion. Make sure that the cambium layers of the two pieces are aligned. Cambium layer is a thin layer of generative tissue found just beneath the bark of trees and other woody plants.
4. Wrap the graft with grafting tape. Start by wrapping the tape around the bottom of the graft. Work your way up the graft, overlapping the tape as you go. Make sure that the graft is completely sealed.
5. Protect the graft from the elements. Apply a layer of wax or grafting mastic to the graft. This will help to seal the graft and prevent it from drying out.
6. Care for the grafted tree. Keep the grafted tree in a warm, humid environment. Water the tree regularly and fertilize it according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
With proper care, the grafted tree will eventually heal and begin to grow. Once the graft has healed, you can remove the grafting tape and wax or grafting mastic.
People Also Ask
What is the best time to graft a mango seedling?
The best time to graft a mango seedling is during the spring or fall when the weather is cool and humid.
What are the different types of grafting methods?
There are many different types of grafting methods, but the most common method for grafting mango seedlings is the whip and tongue graft.
How long does it take for a grafted mango seedling to bear fruit?
It can take several years for a grafted mango seedling to bear fruit. However, with proper care, the tree will eventually produce fruit.
