Ivory, a precious material derived from animal tusks, has captivated humans for centuries. However, with the increasing prevalence of synthetic imitations, discerning genuine ivory from its counterfeits has become crucial. This comprehensive guide will equip you with the knowledge and techniques to determine the authenticity of ivory, ensuring informed purchases and preserving its cultural and historical significance.
The first crucial step in identifying real ivory is assessing its weight and density. Authentic ivory possesses a distinct heaviness compared to its imitations. Holding the piece in your hand, you should ощути a substantial weight that reflects its dense structure. Additionally, examining its surface can provide valuable clues. Real ivory exhibits a natural luster and a smooth, polished finish, lacking the plastic-like sheen often found in synthetic materials. Moreover, the presence of fine lines and growth marks on the surface is indicative of genuine ivory, a testament to its organic origins.
Another reliable method involves testing the ivory’s reaction to heat. When exposed to a flame, genuine ivory will gradually darken and emit a distinctive burnt-hair odor. The heat causes the organic compounds in the ivory to react, producing this characteristic scent. Conversely, synthetic imitations may melt, bubble, or produce a different odor, indicating their non-natural composition. However, it is crucial to exercise caution when conducting this test, as excessive heat can damage the ivory.
Identifying Ivory’s Texture
Touch and Feel
Real ivory feels smooth, cold, and dense to the touch. When you rub it against your skin, it should feel slightly oily due to the natural oils present in the material. In contrast, faux ivory will feel warmer, lighter, and smoother, and it may have a more plastic-like texture.
Specific Physical Properties
| Property | Real Ivory | Faux Ivory |
|---|---|---|
| Density | 1.8 to 2.0 g/cm³ | 1.3 to 1.5 g/cm³ |
| Hardness | Mohs scale of 2.5 | Less than 2.5 |
| Fracture Type | Conchoidal fracture (smooth, curved break) | Irregular fracture |
Grain and Pattern
Real ivory has a distinct grain pattern known as Schreger lines. These are visible as tiny, parallel lines that run perpendicular to the surface. When viewed under a microscope, the Schreger lines appear as a series of hexagonal or diamond-shaped cells. Faux ivory, on the other hand, will not have these distinctive lines or will have irregular grain patterns.
Observing Ivory’s Color
Examining the ivory’s natural coloration can provide valuable insights into its authenticity. Genuine ivory typically exhibits a creamy white or off-white hue, with subtle variations in tone throughout. The color should appear even and consistent, without any drastic differences or patches of discoloration. On the other hand, artificial ivory tends to have a more uniform, bleached-out appearance and may lack the natural depth and warmth of real ivory.
|
Genuine Ivory |
Artificial Ivory |
|---|---|
|
Creamy white or off-white hue |
Uniform, bleached-out appearance |
|
Subtle variations in tone |
Lacks natural depth and warmth |
Translucency
Real ivory possesses a degree of translucency, allowing light to pass through it to some extent. This can be tested by holding a piece of ivory up to a light source and observing how well the light penetrates. Genuine ivory will typically allow some light to filter through, while imitation ivory may appear more opaque or block the light altogether.
Age-Related Color Changes
Over time, ivory undergoes natural aging processes that can affect its color. Exposure to light, humidity, and temperature can cause ivory to yellow or darken slightly, developing a patina that enhances its antique value. This age-related discoloration is a telltale sign of real ivory, as artificial ivory generally does not exhibit such aging effects.
Conducting the Scratch Test
The scratch test is a simple yet effective method to differentiate between real ivory and its synthetic or imitative counterparts. To perform this test, you will need a sharp object, such as a needle, pin, or razor blade.
Materials Required
| Material |
|---|
| Sharp object (needle, pin, or razor blade) |
| Ivory sample |
Steps
- Locate a discreet area on the ivory sample where the scratch will not be noticeable.
- Gently scratch the surface of the ivory with the sharp object.
- Observe the color and texture of the scratched area:
- Genuine Ivory: The scratched area will exhibit a fine, powdery texture with a light yellow or cream color.
- Synthetic Ivory: The scratched area will typically be smooth and shiny, often with a white or slightly translucent appearance.
- Imitation Ivory: The scratched area may vary in texture and color depending on the material used, but it is unlikely to resemble the fine, powdery texture of genuine ivory.
Testing with Hot Water
Step 1: Prepare a small sample
Carefully remove a tiny piece of ivory from an inconspicuous area of the object. This will help you avoid damaging the entire item.
Step 2: Heat a small amount of water
Bring a small amount of water to a boil in a small saucepan. The amount of water required will depend on the size of your ivory sample.
Step 3: Drop the sample into the water
Once the water is boiling, carefully drop the ivory sample into the saucepan. Use a pair of tongs or pliers to prevent burns.
Step 4: Observe the reaction
**Real ivory** will react to hot water in the following ways:
– It will turn a slightly yellowish color.
– It will soften and become pliable.
– It will emit a faint, sweet smell.
Fake ivory will react to hot water in the following ways:
- It will not change color.
- It will remain hard and rigid.
- It will emit a strong, acrid smell.
| Reaction | Real Ivory | Fake Ivory |
|---|---|---|
| Color change | Yellowish | No change |
| Texture | Softens | Remains hard |
| Smell | Sweet | Acrid |
Using a Magnifying Glass
Examining ivory under a magnifying glass can reveal distinctive features that help differentiate it from other materials. Here are some key characteristics to look for:
1. Grain Patterns: Real ivory exhibits intricate grain patterns that run parallel to the length of the tusk. These patterns are often visible under magnification, giving the surface a striated appearance.
2. Carving Details: Ivory is a highly carvable material that takes fine detail well. Intricate carvings on ivory objects will reveal sharp lines and delicate curves when viewed under a magnifying glass.
3. Color and Texture: Natural ivory has a warm, off-white color with a slight yellow undertone. Under magnification, you may observe a subtle texture with small pits or indentations.
4. Schréger Lines: Real ivory exhibits fine, cross-hatching lines known as Schréger lines. These lines are the result of the twisted arrangement of collagen fibers in ivory. When viewed under a magnifying glass at a specific angle, they appear as a series of parallel lines intersecting at an angle.
5. Fluorescence: Ivory fluoresces under ultraviolet light, emitting a soft, yellow-green glow. To test this, use a UV lamp with a wavelength of 365 nm and shine it on the ivory object. Genuine ivory will exhibit fluorescence, while imitations or synthetic materials may not.
| Real Ivory | Imitation Ivory |
|---|---|
| Parallel grain patterns | Irregular or artificial patterns |
| Sharp carving details | Blunt or indistinct carvings |
| Warm, off-white color with yellow undertone | Pure white or stark yellow |
| Schréger lines visible at an angle | No Schréger lines or artificial simulations |
| Fluoresces under UV light (365 nm) | May not fluoresce or fluoresces differently |
Employing UV Light Inspection
When ivory is exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, it glows a distinctive color. Genuine ivory typically emits a warm, creamy white hue, while synthetic ivory or other materials may produce a bluish or greenish glow. To perform this test, follow these steps:
- Ensure you’re in a darkened room or use a UV flashlight with a strong beam.
- Expose the ivory item to the UV light for a few seconds.
- Observe the color of the glow. Genuine ivory should emit a creamy white hue.
- Compare the glow to known samples of genuine ivory for reference.
- If the ivory glows bluish or greenish, it’s likely synthetic or from a different material.
Additional Considerations:
- Some types of ivory, such as fossil ivory, may not glow as brightly as modern ivory.
- The fluorescence of ivory can vary depending on its age and condition. Older ivory may appear dimmer under UV light.
- Be cautious of artificially treated ivory that may have been coated with a fluorescent agent to mimic the glow of genuine ivory.
| Glow Color | Ivory Type |
|---|---|
| Creamy white | Genuine ivory |
| Bluish or greenish | Synthetic ivory or other materials |
Seeking Expert Appraisal
When in doubt about the authenticity of ivory, it is advisable to seek professional appraisal. Accredited experts can provide a thorough analysis and an unbiased opinion based on their knowledge and experience.
Here are key considerations when seeking expert appraisal:
- Credentials and Experience: Opt for appraisers with recognized credentials from reputable organizations like the Gemological Institute of America (GIA) or the American Society of Appraisers (ASA). They should have a proven track record of expertise in ivory identification.
- Objectivity and Transparency: Choose appraisers who are independent of any vested interests in the ivory piece being evaluated. They should provide transparent documentation of their findings and methodologies.
- Methodology: Expert appraisal typically involves a multi-faceted approach, including visual examination, ultraviolet (UV) light testing, and microscopy analysis. Appraisers may also utilize specialized techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry, to determine elemental composition and identify specific ivory types.
- Consultation Fees: Professional appraisals come with a cost. Inquire about the fee structure and any additional charges before engaging an appraiser.
- Location and Accessibility: Consider the location and availability of the appraiser. Some appraisers offer remote services, while others may require an in-person visit.
- Insurance and Liability: Ensure that the appraiser has adequate insurance and liability coverage to protect both parties in case of any issues.
- Reputation and Referrals: Seek recommendations from reputable sources, such as museums, art galleries, or previous clients. Positive reviews and referrals can indicate an appraiser’s credibility and reliability.
| Consideration | Description |
|---|---|
| Credentials and Experience | Accredited experts with proven expertise in ivory identification. |
| Objectivity and Transparency | Independent appraisers providing transparent documentation of findings. |
| Methodology | Multi-faceted approach including visual examination, UV light testing, and microscopy analysis. |
| Consultation Fees | Inquire about the fee structure and any additional charges. |
| Location and Accessibility | Consider the appraiser’s location and availability. |
| Insurance and Liability | Ensure the appraiser has adequate coverage for both parties. |
| Reputation and Referrals | Seek recommendations from reputable sources for credibility and reliability. |
Consulting Antique Databases
Consulting antique databases is a valuable tool for authenticating ivory. These databases contain extensive information on various types of ivory, including their origins, characteristics, and historical significance. By referencing these databases, you can compare the piece you are examining to known examples of genuine ivory.
Here are some reputable antique databases to consider:
| Database | Description |
|---|---|
| Antique Ivory Society | An organization dedicated to preserving and authenticating ivory artifacts. |
| Victoria and Albert Museum | A renowned museum with a vast collection of ivory objects. |
| Getty Research Institute | An art and architecture research institute with a collection of antique ivory materials. |
| Metropolitan Museum of Art | A prominent museum with a significant collection of ivory artworks. |
When consulting these databases, pay attention to the following details:
- Type of ivory: Identify the species of ivory used in the piece (e.g., elephant, mammoth, walrus).
- Age and origin: Determine the approximate age and geographic origin of the ivory.
- Characteristic features: Note any distinctive characteristics of the ivory, such as grain patterns, color, or patina.
- Known examples: Compare the piece to known examples of genuine ivory from the same time period and region.
By carefully examining antique databases and comparing the piece in question to authentic examples, you can enhance your understanding of the ivory’s provenance and authenticity.
Examining Ivory’s Workmanship
Evaluating the craftsmanship of ivory can provide valuable insights into its authenticity. Here are key aspects to consider:
9. Grain Pattern:
Authentic ivory exhibits a distinctive grain pattern that resembles interconnected lines or brushstrokes. These patterns are often visible to the naked eye or under magnification. Counterfeit ivory, on the other hand, may have a uniform or artificial-looking grain that lacks the natural variations of real ivory.
Other Workmanship Clues:
- Carving Detail: Genuine ivory carvings often display exquisite detail and precision, with smooth transitions and sharp edges.
- Surface Texture: Authentic ivory has a slightly rough or grainy texture, while imitations may feel smooth or plastic-like.
- Color Variations: Natural ivory exhibits subtle variations in color, from creamy white to light yellow. Artificial ivory may appear uniform and overly bright.
- Patina and Age: Over time, genuine ivory develops a natural patina or darkening of the surface. Imitations may lack this patina, or it may be artificially applied.
- Wear and Tear: Genuine ivory may show signs of wear and tear, such as scratches or dents, consistent with its age and usage.
| Characteristic | Authentic Ivory | Imitation Ivory |
|---|---|---|
| Grain Pattern | Interconnected lines, visible under magnification | Uniform, artificial-looking grain |
| Carving Detail | Exquisite detail, smooth transitions | Less detailed, rough transitions |
| Surface Texture | Slightly rough, grainy | Smooth, plastic-like |
| Color Variations | Subtle variations in color | Uniform, overly bright |
| Patina and Age | Natural darkening with age | Lack of patina or artificially applied |
Considering Legal Regulations
When determining the authenticity of ivory, it is crucial to be mindful of legal regulations surrounding its trade. Ivory from elephants and other endangered species is strictly regulated, making it a criminal offense to possess. Before purchasing or acquiring any ivory items, verify their legal provenance by:
- Checking for CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) documentation or permits.
- Consulting with reputable dealers or appraisers who specialize in ivory and follow ethical guidelines.
- Avoiding purchases from questionable sources or individuals who may not have the proper documentation.
- Inquiring about the age and origin of the ivory, as antique pieces may be exempt from certain regulations.
- Seeking expert advice from government agencies or wildlife conservation organizations to ensure compliance with legal requirements.
| Country | Ivory Regulations |
|---|---|
| United States | Import of ivory banned since 1989, except for pre-1990 antiques |
| European Union | Ban on commercial trade of ivory since 1989; exceptions for pre-1947 antiques |
| China | Domestic ivory trade ban since 2018; commercial ivory imports banned since 2015 |
How To Tell If Ivory Is Real
Ivory is a valuable material that has been used for centuries to make a variety of items, from jewelry to furniture. However, due to the illegal ivory trade, it is important to be able to tell the difference between real and fake ivory. Here are a few tips on how to do just that:
- Examine the surface. Real ivory will have a smooth, even surface with no visible pores. Fake ivory, on the other hand, may have a rough surface with visible pores.
- Check the weight. Real ivory is heavier than plastic or resin, so if an item feels too light, it is likely not made of real ivory.
- Look for cracks or chips. Real ivory is a hard material, so it is not likely to crack or chip easily. If an item has cracks or chips, it is likely not made of real ivory.
- Test it with a hot needle. If you heat a needle and touch it to real ivory, the ivory will not burn. However, if you touch the needle to fake ivory, the ivory will burn.
People Also Ask
How can you tell if antique ivory is real?
The same tips that apply to new ivory can also be used to identify antique ivory. In addition, you can also look for signs of age, such as patina or wear.
Is it illegal to sell ivory?
The sale of ivory is illegal in many countries, including the United States. However, there are some exceptions, such as if the ivory was acquired before the ban on ivory sales went into effect.
What is the difference between ivory and bone?
Ivory is a hard, white material that is found in the tusks of elephants and the teeth of some other animals, such as walruses. Bone is a hard, white material that is found in the skeletons of animals. Ivory is more valuable than bone, and it is often used to make jewelry, furniture, and other items.
